Explanatory Research

Children

  • Andersen, L. H., (2016). How Children’s Educational Outcomes and Criminality Vary by Duration and Frequency of Patrnal Incarceration, 149-170. 
  • Andersen, S. H., (2016). Drinking Alone? The Effect of an Alcohol Treatment Program on Relationship Stability for Convicted Drunk Drivers in Denmark, 46-62. 
  • Apel, R. (2016). The Effects of Jail and Prison Confinement an Cohabitation and Marriage, 103-126. 
  • Bijleveld, C. C. J. H., & Farrington, D.P. (2009). The importance of studies of intergenerational transmission of antisocial behaviour. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19, 77-79.
  • Bijleveld, C. C. J. H., & Wijkman, M. (2009). Intergenerational continuity in convictions: A five-generation study.Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19, 142-155.
  • Brown, E. C., & Minton, C. A. B. (2017). Serving Children of Incarcerated Parents : A Case Study of School Counselors’ Experiences. Professional School Counseling, 21(1), 1–11.
  • Burkholder, J., Burkholder, D., Hall, S., & Porter, V. (2020). Training Counselors to Work with the Families of Incarcerated Persons: A National Survey. Professional Counselor, 10(3), 318–326.
  • Cho, R.M. (2009). The impact of maternal imprisonment on children’s probability of grade retention: Results from Chicago public schools. Journal of Urban Economics, 65, 11-23. 
  • Church, W. T., & Springer, D. W. (2018). Serving the stigmatized: Working within the incarcerated environment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Comfort, M. (2016). “A Twenty-Hour-a-Day Job”, The Impact of Frequent Low-Level Criminal Justice Involvement on Family Life, 63-79. 
  • Conway, J., & Keays, A. (2015, March). Children with Incarcerated Parents: A Quantitative Evaluation of Mentoring and Home-Based Counseling and Case Management Services. Evaluation of Mentoring and Counseling/Case Management for CIP
  • Cyphert, A. B. (2018). Prisoners of Fate: The Challenges of Creating Change for Children of Incarcerated Parents. Maryland Law Review, 77(2), 385–426.
  • Dallaire, D., (2007a) Children with incarcerated mothers: Developmental outcomes, special challenges and recommendations. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 15-24. 
  • Dallaire, D.H., & Wilson, L. (2010). The impact of exposure to parental criminal activity, arrest, and sentencing on children’s academic competence and externalizing behavior. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 404-418 
  • Dannerbeck, A. M. (2005). Differences in parenting attributes, experiences, and behavior of delinquent youth with and without a parental history of incarceration. Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice,3, 99-213.
  • Dube et al. (2003). Child abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Pediatrics, 111, 564-572.
  • DuBois D. L, & Keller T, E. (2017). Investigation of the Integration of Supports for Youth Thriving Into a Community-Based Mentoring Program. Child Development. 2017 Sep;88(5):1480-1491.Epub 2017 Jun 19. PMID: 28626886.
  • Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245-258.
  • Forster, M., Davis, L., Grigsby, T., Rogers, C., Vetrone, S., & Unger, J. (2019, April 09). The role of FAMILIAL incarceration and ethnic identity in suicidal ideation and suicide Attempt: Findings from a longitudinal study OF LATINX young adults in California. 
  • Fritsch, T. A., & Burkhead, J. D. (1982). Behavioral reactions of children to parental absence due to imprisonment.Family Relations, 30, 83-88.
  • Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. (1950). Unraveling juvenile delinquency. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Guzder, J., Paris, J., Zelfowitz, P., & Feldman, R. (1999). Psychological risk factors for borderline pathology in school-age children. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 206-212.
  • Hagen, K. A., & Myers, B. J. (2003). The effect of secrecy and social support on behavioral problems in children of incarcerated women. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 229-242.
  • Hanlon, T.E., Blatchley, R.J., Bennett-Sears, T., O’Grady, K. E., & Callaman, J. M. (2005). Vulnerability of children of incarcerated addict mothers: Implications for preventive intervention. Children and Youth Services Review, 27, 67-84.
  • Hanlon, T.E., Carswell, S. B., & Rose, M. (2007). Research on the caretaking of children of incarcerated parents: Findings ant their service delivery implications. Children and Youth Services Review, 29, 348-362.
  • Haskins, A. R., & Jacobsen, W.C., (2017). Schools as Surveilling Institutions? Paternal Incarceration, System Avoidance, and Parental Involvement in Schooling. 
  • Haskins, A. R., & Lee, H. (2016). Reexamining Race When Studying the Consequences of Criminal Justice Contact for Families, 224-230. 
  • Jackson, D. B., Testa, A., & Turney, K. (2022). Unpacking the connection between parental incarceration and parenting stress: The mediating role of child health and health care strains. Journal of Criminal Justice, 81.
  • Johnson, Rucker C. 2009. “Ever-Increasing Levels of Parental Incarceration: The Consequences for Children.” Pp. 177-206 in Do Prisons Make Us Safer? The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom, edited by Steven Raphael and Michael A. Stoll. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Johnson, E. I., & Waldfogel, J. (2002). Children of incarcerated parents: Cumulative risk and children’s living arrangement. New York: Columbia University.
  • Johnson, E. I., & Easterling, B. (2012). Understanding unique effects of parental incarceration on children: Challenges, progress, and recommendations.Journal of Marriage and Family,74(2), 342-356.
  • Jones, D. (2017). When Are You Coming Home: An Exploratory Essay Confronting the Issues Involving Children with Incarcerated Parents and How to Break the Cycle. Loyola Law Review, 63(3), 441–446.
  • Kampfner, C. J. (1995). Post-traumatic stress reactions of children of imprisoned mothers. In K. Gable & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of Incarcerated Parents. NY: Lexington Books.
  • Keller, T. E., Catalono, R. F., Haggerty, K. P., & Fleming, C. G. (2002). Parent figure transition and delinquency and drug use among early adolescent children of substance abusers. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28, 399-427.
  • Kinner, S. A., Alati, R., Najman, J. M., & Williams, G. M. (2007). Do parental arrest and imprisonment lead to child behavior problems and substance use? A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 48(11), 1148-1156.
  • Kremer, K. P., Poon, C. Y. S., Jones, C. L., Hagler, M. A., Kupersmidt, J. B., Stelter, R. L., Stump, K. N., & Rhodes, J. E. (2020). Risk and Resilience among Children with Incarcerated Parents: Examining Heterogeneity in Delinquency and School Outcomes. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 29(11), 3239–3252. 
  • Lageson, S. E., (2016). Found Out and Opting Out. The Consequences of Online Criminal Records for Families, 127-141.
  • Langbehn, D. R., & Cadoet, R. J. (2001). The adult antisocial syndrome with and without antecedent conduct disorder: Comparisons from an adoption study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 272-282.
  • Leve, L. D., & Chamberlain, P. (2004). Female juvenile offenders: Defining an early-onset pathway for delinquency. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 13, 439-452.
  • Lee, H., Porter, L. C., & Comfort, M. (2014). Consequences of Family Member Incarceration Impacts on Civic Participation and Perceptions of the Legitimacy and Fairness of Government.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 651(1), 44-73.
  • Loper, A. B., & Clarke, C. N. (2013). IV. ATTACHMENT REPRESENTATIONS OF IMPRISONED MOTHERS AS RELATED TO CHILD CONTACT AND THE CAREGIVING ALLIANCE: THE MODERATING EFFECT OF CHILDREN’S PLACEMENT WITH MATERNAL GRANDMOTHERS. Monographs Of The Society For Research In Child Development, 78(3), 41-56. 
  • Mackintosh, V. H., Myers, B. J., & Kennon, S. S. (2006). Children of incarcerated mothers and their caregivers: Factors affecting the quality of their relationship. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(5), 581-596.
  • Minson, S. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 prison lockdowns on children with a parent in prison. Report, available online at https://www. law. ox. ac. uk/content/impact-covid-19-and prison-lockdown-children-imprisoned-parent-uk, 1-22.
  • Morgan-Mullane, A. (2018). Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Children of Incarcerated Parents. Clinical Social Work Journal, 46(3), 200–209. 
  • Murray, J. (2010). Longitudinal research on the effects of parental incarceration on children. In J. M. Eddy & J. Poehlmann (Eds.), Children of incarcerated parents: A handbook for researchers and practitioners (pp. 55-74). Washington DC: Urban Institute Press.
  • Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Parental imprisonment: Effects on boys’ antisocial behaviour and delinquency through the life course. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1269-1278.
  • Murray, J., Janson, C., & Farrington, D. P. (2007). Crime in adult offspring of prisoners: A cross-national comparison of two longitudinal samples. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 133-149.
  • Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2008). Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys’ internalizing problems through the life course. Development and Psychopathology,20, 279-290.
  • Pech, A., Curran, M., Speirs, K., Li, X., Barnett, M., & Paschall, K. (2020). Understanding child behavior problems in young children with previously incarcerated fathers: Parents’ depressive symptoms, relationship quality, and coparenting. Marriage & Family Review, 56(6), 553-574.
  • Phillips, S. D., Burns, B. J., Wagner, H. R., Kramer, T. L., & Robbins, J. R. (2002). Parental incarceration among youth receiving mental health services. Journal of Child and Family Studies,11(4), 385-399.
  • Phillips, S. D., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G. P., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2006). Disentangling the risks: Parent criminal justice involvement and children’s exposure to family risks. Criminology and Public Policy, 5(4), 677-702.
  • Poehlmann, J., Dallaire, D., Loper, A. B., & Shear, L. D. (2010). Children’s contact with their incarcerated parents: Research findings and recommendations.American Psychologist, 65(6), 575-598. 
  • Reimer, V. P. (2019). Hidden Children: Using Children’s Literature to Develop Understanding and Empathy Toward Children of Incarcerated Parents. Language & Literacy: A Canadian Educational E-Journal, 21(1), 98–121.
  • Robins, L. N. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 8, 611-622.
  • Rodriguez, N., Smith, H., & Zata, M. (2009). “Youth is enmeshed in a highly dysfunctional family system” Exploring the relationship among dysfunctional families, parental incarceration and juvenile court decision making. Criminology, 47, 177.
  • Roettger, Michael E., and Jason D. Boardman. 2012. Parental Incarceration and Gender-based Risks for Increased Body Mass Index: Evidence From the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 175: 636-644.
  • Shortt, J. W., Eddy, J. M., Sheeber, L., & Davis, B. (2014). Project home: A pilot evaluation of an emotion-focused intervention for mothers reuniting with children after prison.Psychological Services, 11(1), 1-9. 
  • Smyke, A. T., Bailey, L. O., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017). Mental Health Implications for Children of Incarcerated Parents. Loyola Law Review, 63(3), 405–433.
  • Stump, K. N., Kupersmidt, J. B., Stelter, R. L., & Rhodes, J. E. (2018). Mentoring Program Enhancements Supporting Effective Mentoring of Children of Incarcerated Parents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 62(1/2), 163–174. 
  • Thornberry, T. P., Freeman-Gallant, A., & Lovegrove, P.J. (2009). Intergenerational linkages in antisocial behaviour. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19, 80-93.
  • Turney, K. (2017). The Unequal Consequences of Mass Incarceration for Children. 
  • Turney, Kristin. (2014). Stress Proliferation across Generations? Examining the Relationship between Parental Incarceration and Childhood Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2014 55: 302,
  • Turney, Kristin. (2014). Forthcoming. “The Intergenerational Consequences of Mass Incarceration: Implications for Children’s Co-residence and Contact with Grandparents.” Social Forces
  • Wakefield, S.& Wildeman C. (2014). Children of the Prison Boom: Mass Incarceration and the Future of American Inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Wakefield, S. & Powell, K. (2016). Distinguishing Petty Offenders from Serious Criminals in the Estimation of Family Life Effects, 195-212. 
  • Wakefield, S. and Wildeman, C. (2011). “Mass Imprisonment and Racial Disparities in Childhood Behavioral Problems.” Criminology & Public Policy 10:793-817.
  • Warren, J. M., Coker, G. L., & Collins, M. L. (2019). Children of Incarcerated Parents: Considerations for Professional School Counselors. Professional Counselor, 9(3), 185–199.
  • Wheeler, N. J., Daire, A. P., Barden, S. M., & Carlson, R. G. (2019). Relationship distress as a mediator of adverse childhood experiences and health: implications for clinical practice with economically vulnerable racial and ethnic minorities. Family process, 58(4), 1003-1021.
  • Wildeman, C. (2014). Parental incarceration, child homelessness, and the invisible consequences of mass imprisonment.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 651(1), 74-96.
  • Wildeman, C., Turney, K., & Yi, Y., (2016) Paternal Incarceration and Family Functioning. Variation across Federal, State, and Local Facilities, 80-97. 
  • Woo, Y., & Kowalski, M. A. (2020). Child (Un)Awareness of Parental Incarceration as a Risk Factor: Evidence from South Korea. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 29(11), 3211–3224.
  • Xia, L., & Lam, C. (2020). Where is home? The lived experiences of Chinese children after their parents have been incarcerated. Journal of Social Work Practice, 34(2), 191–203. 

Families

  • Aaron, L., & Dallaire, D.H. (2010). Parental incarceration and multiple risk experiences: Effects on family processes and children’s delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolesence, 39, 1471-1484. 
  • Arditti, J. A., & Johnson, E. I. (2022). A family resilience agenda for understanding and responding to parental incarceration. American Psychologist, 77(1), 56.
  • Arditti, J.A., Lambert-Shute, J., & Joest, K. (2003) Saturday morning at the jail: Implications of incarceration for families and children. Family Relations, 52, 195-204
  • Arditti, J. A. (2012). Parental incarceration and the family: Psychological and social effects of imprisonment on children, parents, and caregivers. New York: New York University Press.
  • Burkholder, J., Burkholder, D., Hall, S., & Porter, V. (2020). Training Counselors to Work with the Families of Incarcerated Persons: A National Survey. Professional Counselor, 10(3), 318–326.
  • Correa, N., Hayes, A., Bhalakia, A., Lopez, K., Cupit, T., Kwarteng‐Amaning, V., … & Van Horne, B. S. (2021). Parents’ Perspectives on the impact of their incarceration on children and families. Family Relations, 70(1), 162-170.
  • Cyphert, A. B. (2018). Prisoners of Fate: The Challenges of Creating Change for Children of Incarcerated Parents. Maryland Law Review, 77(2), 385–426
  • Dallaire, D. H. (2007). Incarcerated mothers and fathers: A comparison of risks for children and families. Family Relations, 56, 440-453.

  • Dallaire, D. H., Shlafer, R. J., Goshin, L. S., Hollihan, A., Poehlmann-Tynan, J., Eddy, J. M., & Adalist-Estrin, A. (2021). COVID-19 and prison policies related to communication with family members. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(2), 231-241. 

  • Farrington, D. P., Coid, J.W., & Murray, J. (2009). Family factors in the intergenerational transmission of offending. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19, 109-124.
  • Farrington, D. P., Jolliffe, D., Loeber, R., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., & Kalb, L. M. (2001). The concentration of offenders in families, and family criminality in the prediction of boys’ delinquency. Journal of Adolescence,24, 579-596.
  • Folk, J. B., Nichols, E. B., Dallaire, D. H., & Loper, A. B. (2012). Evaluating the Content and Reception of Messages From Incarcerated Parents to Their Children.American Journal Of Orthopsychiatry (Wiley-Blackwell), 82(4), 529.
  • Foster, Holly, and John Hagan. 2013. “Maternal and Paternal Imprisonment in the Stress Process.” Social Science Research 42:650-669.
  • Foster, Holly and John Hagan. (2009). “The Mass Incarceration of Parents in America: Issues of Race/Ethnicity, Collateral Damage to Children, and Prisoner Reentry.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 623:179-194.
  • Gjelsvik, A., Dumont, D., Nunn, A. (2013). Incarceration of a Household Member and Hispanic Health Disparities: Childhood Exposure and Adult Chronic Disease Risk Behaviors. Center for Disease Control: Preventing Chronic Disease, 10 (1-8).

  • Heard-Garris, N., Sacotte, K. A., Winkelman, T. N. A., Cohen, A., Ekwueme, P. O., Barnert, E., Carnethon, M., & Davis, M. M. (2019). Association of Childhood History of Parental Incarceration and Juvenile Justice Involvement With Mental Health in Early Adulthood.

  • Jones, D. (2017). When Are You Coming Home: An Exploratory Essay Confronting the Issues Involving Children with Incarcerated Parents and How to Break the Cycle. Loyola Law Review, 63(3), 441–446.
  • Keller, E., Jones, L., Kelleher, K., Chisolm, D., & Boch, S. (2022). A time to ‘make amends and bring pieces together’: A phenomenological study of family experiences and considerations when a parent returns home from incarceration. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(6), 
  • Kinner, S. A., Alati, R., Najman, J. M., & Williams, G. M. (2007). Do parental arrest and imprisonment lead to child behavior problems and substance use? A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 48(11), 1148-1156.
  • LaVigne, N. G., Naser, R. L., Brooks, L. E., & Castro, J. L. (2005).Examining the effect of incarceration and in prison family contact on prisoners’ family relationships. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21, 314 –355. 
  • Lee, Rosalyn D., Xiangming Fang, and Feijin Luo. 2013. The Impact of Parental Incarceration on the Physical and Mental Health of Young Adults. Pediatrics 131:e1188-e1195.
  • Lopoo, Leonard M., and Bruce Western. 2005. “Incarceration and the Formation and Stability of Marital Unions.” Journal of Marriage and Family 67:721-734.
  • Loukas, A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Zucker, R. A., & von Eye, A. (2001). Parental alcoholism and co-occurring antisocial behavior: Prospective relationships to externalizing behavior problems in their young sons. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 91-106.
  • McKay, T., Comfort, M., Lindquist, C., & Bir, A. (2019). Holding on: Family and fatherhood during incarceration and reentry. University of California Press.
  • McCord, J., & McCord, W. (1958). The effects of parental role model of criminality. Journal of Social Issues, 14, 66-75.
  • Modecki, K. L., & Wilson, M. N. (2009). The associations between individual and family level characteristics and discipline styles in incarcerated African American fathers. Journal of Child and Family Studies.
  • Phillips, S. D. (2008). Parents’ involvement in the criminal justice system and children’s entry into foster care: Findings and implications from two studies. CW 360.
  • Phillips, S. D., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G. P., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2006). Disentangling the risks: Parent criminal justice involvement and children’s exposure to family risks. Criminology and Public Policy, 5(4), 677-702.
  • Poehlmann-Tynan, J., & Arditti, J. A. (2017). Developmental and family perspectives on incarcerated parents.In C. Wildeman, A. R. Haskins, & J. Poehlmann-Tynan (Eds.), When parents are  incarcerated: Interdisciplinary research and interventions to support children. (pp. 173–193). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
  • Roxburgh, S., & Fitch, C. (2014). Parental Status, Child Contact, and Well-Being among Incarcerated Men and Women. Journal of Family Issues, 35(10), 1934. 
  • Schneller, D. P. (1975). Prisoners’ families: A study of some social and psychological effects of incarceration on the families of Negro prisoners. Criminology, 12, 402-412.
  • Sirpa, S. K. (2002). Familial criminality, familial drug use, and gang membership: Youth criminality, drug use, and gang membership: What are the connections? Journal of Gang Research,9, 11-22.
  • Turanovic, J. J., Rodriguez, N., & Pratt, T. C. (2012). The Collateral Consequences Of Incarceration Revisited: A Qualitative Analysis Of The Effects On Caregivers Of Children Of Incarcerated Parents*. Criminology, 50(4), 913-959. 
  • Turney, Kristin (2014). Stress Proliferation across Generations? Examining the Relationship between Parental Incarceration and Childhood Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 2014(55), 302-302. 
  • Turney, Kristin. 2014. “The Consequences of Paternal Incarceration for Maternal Neglect and Harsh Parenting.” Social Forces 92:1607-1636.
  • Van De Rakt, M., Nieuwbeerta, P., & Apel, R. (2009). Association of criminal convictions between family members: Effects of siblings, fathers and mothers. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19.
  • Wakefield, S. (2022). Incarceration, Families, and Communities: Recent Developments and Enduring Challenges. Crime and Justice, 51(1), 000-000.
  • Ward, K. C., Shrake, M., Candelaria, R., Lloyd, C., & Qualkenbush, S. (2022). Identifying the Impact of Incarceration on Parenting: An Examination of Incarcerated Parents’ Perceptions in the “Reading for a Change” Program in Colorado. The Prison Journal, 102(5), 626-647.
  • Wildeman, C., & Wang, E. A. (2017). Mass incarceration, public health, and widening inequality in the USA. The Lancet, 389(10077), 1464-1474.
  • Xia, L., & Lam, C. (2020). Where is home? The lived experiences of Chinese children after their parents have been incarcerated. Journal of Social Work Practice, 34(2), 191–203.

Mothers

  • Bryne, M.W. (2010). Interventions: within prison nurseries. In J. M. Eddy & J. Poehlmann (Eds.), Children of incarcerated parents: A handbook for researchers and practitioners (pp. 161-188). Washington DC: Urban Institute Press.
  • Carlson, J. R. (1998). Evaluating the effectiveness of a live-in nursery within a women’s prison. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 27, 73–85. 
  • Cho, Rosa M. 2009b. “The Impact of Maternal Incarceration on Children’s Educational Achievement: Results from Chicago Public Schools.” Journal of Human Resources 44:772-797.
  • Hagen, K. A., & Myers, B. J. (2003). The effect of secrecy and social support on behavioral problems in children of incarcerated women. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 229-242.
  • Hagan, John, and Holly Foster. 2012a. “Children of the American Prison Generation: Student and School Spillover Effects of Incarcerating Mothers.” Law and Society Review 46:37-69.
  • Houck, K. D. F., & Loper, A. B. (2002). The relationship of parenting stress to adjustment among mothers in prison. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 72, 548 –558. 
  • Huebner, B. M., & Gustafson, R. (2007). The effect of maternal incarceration on adult offspring involvement in the criminal justice system. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 283-296.
  • Kampfner, C. J. (1995). Post-traumatic stress reactions of children of imprisoned mothers. In K. Gable & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of Incarcerated Parents. NY: Lexington Books.
  • Lawrence-Wills, S. (2004). Incarcerated mothers’ reports of their daughters’ antisocial behavior, maternal supervision and mother-daughter relationship. Journal of Family Social Work, 8, 55-73.
  • Mackintosh, V. H., Myers, B. J., & Kennon, S. S. (2006). Children of incarcerated mothers and their caregivers: Factors affecting the quality of their relationship. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(5), 581-596.
  • Poehlmann, J. (2005). Children’s family environments and intellectual outcomes during maternal incarceration.Journal of Marriage and Family, 67 (December), 1275-1285.
  • Poehlmann, J. (2005). Incarcerated mothers’ contact with children, perceived family relationships, and depressive symptoms. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 350-357.
  • Stanton, A. M. (1980). When mothers go to jail. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
  • Sun, J., Patel, F., Rose-Jacobs, R., Frank, D. A., Black, M. M., & Chilton, M. (2017). Mothers’ adverse childhood experiences and their young children’s development. American journal of preventive medicine, 53(6), 882-891.
  • Turney, Kristin, and Christopher Wildeman.Forthcoming.“Detrimental for Some? The Heterogeneous Effects of Maternal Incarceration on Child Wellbeing.”Criminology and Public Policy.

Fathers

  • Charles, P., Muentner, L., & Kjellstrand, J. (2019). Parenting and Incarceration: Perspectives on Father-Child Involvement during Reentry from Prison. The Social service review, 93(2), 218–261. 

  • Craigie, Terry-Ann. 2011. “The Effect of Paternal Incarceration on Early Child Behavioral Problems: A Racial Comparison.” Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice 9:179199.
  • Geller, Amanda, Carey E. Cooper, Irwin Garfinkel, Ofira Schwartz-Soicher, and Ronald B. Mincy. 2012. “Beyond Absenteeism: Father Incarceration and its Effects on Children’s Development.” Demography 49:49-76.
  • Harrington, K. (1997). Parental training for incarcerated fathers: Effects on attitudes, self-esteem, and children’s self perceptions. Journal of Social Psychology, 137 (5), 588-593. 
  • Haskins, A. (2014) Unintended Consequences: Effects of Paternal Incarceration on Child School Readiness and Later Special Education Placement. Sociological Science1: 141-158. 
  • Landreth, G. L., & Lobaugh, A. F. (1998). Filial therapy with incarcerated fathers: Effects on parental acceptance of child, parental stress, and child adjustment. Journal of Counseling and Development, 76, 157–165.
  • Lewis, C. E., Garfinkel, I., & Gao, Q. (2007). Incarceration and unwed fathers in fragile families. Journal of Sociological and Social Welfare, 34, 77-94.
  • Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Parental imprisonment: Effects on boys’ antisocial behaviour and delinquency through the life course. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1269-1278.
  • Phillips, S. D., Burns, B. J., Wagner, H. R., Kramer, T. L., & Robbins, J. R. (2002). Parental incarceration among youth receiving mental health services.Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11(4), 385-399.
  • Schwartz-Soicher, Ofira, Amanda Geller, and Irwin Garfinkel. 2011. “The Effect of Paternal Incarceration on Material Hardship.” Social Service Review 85:447-473.
  • Swisher, Raymond R., and Maureen R. Waller. 2008. “Confining Fatherhood: Incarceration and Paternal Involvement Among Nonresident White, African American, and Latino Fathers.” Journal of Family Issues 29:1067-1088.
  • Wilbur, M. B., Marani, J. E., Appugliese, D., Woods, R., Siegel, J. A., Cabral, H. J., & Frank, D. A.(2007). Socioemotional effects of fathers’ incarceration on low-income, urban, school-aged children. Pediatrics, 120, 678-685.
  • Wildeman, Christopher. 2010. “Paternal Incarceration and Children’s Physically Aggressive Behaviors: Evidence from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study.” Social Forces 89:285-309.

Child Welfare

  • Andersen, S. H., & Wildeman, C. (2014). The Effect of Paternal Incarceration on Children’s Risk of Foster Care Placement.Social Forces, sou027.
  • Berger, L. M., Cancian, M., Cuesta, L., & Noyes, J. L. (2016). Families at the Intersection of the Criminal Justice and Child Protective Services Systems. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 665(1), 171–194. 
  • Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2021). Child welfare practice with families affected by parental incarceration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/parental-incarceration/
  • Ehrensaft, M., Khashu, A., Ross, T., & Wamsley, M. (2003). Patterns of criminal conviction and incarceration among mothers of children in foster care in New York City. New York: Vera Institute of Justice and New York City Administration for Children’s Services.
  • Elderbroom, Brian, Bennett, Laura, Gong, Shanna, Rose, Felicity, Towns, Zoë. 2018. Every Second: The Impact of the Incarceration Crisis on America’s Families. Washington, DC:
  • Hayward, R. A., & DePanfilis, D. (2007). Foster children with an incarcerated parent: Predictors of reunification.Children and Youth Services Review,29(1320-1334).
  • Johnson, E. I., & Waldfogel, J. (2008). Trends in parental incarceration and implications for child welfare. CW360.
  • Moses, M. C. (2006). Does parental incarceration increase a child’s risk for foster care placement?[Electronic Version]. National Institute of Justice Journal.
  • Phillips, S. D. (2008). Parents’ involvement in the criminal justice system and children’s entry into foster care: Findings and implications from two studies. CW 360.
  • Phillips, S. D., Burns, B. J., Wagner, H. R., & Barth, R. P. (2004). Parental arrest and children in child welfare services agencies. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,2, 174-186.
  • Phillips, S. D., Leathers, S. J., & Erkanli, A. (2009). Children of probationers in the child welfare system. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 18, 183-191.
  • Ross, T., & Khashu, A. W. M. (2004). Hard data on hard times: An empirical analysis of maternal incarceration, foster care, and visitation. New York: Vera Institute of Justice and New York City Administration for Children’s Services.
  • Smyke, A. T., Bailey, L. O., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017). Mental Health Implications for Children of Incarcerated Parents. Loyola Law Review, 63(3), 405–433.
  • Sugie, N. F. (2012). Punishment and welfare: Paternal incarceration and families’ receipt of public assistance.Social Forces, sos055.
  • Swann, C. A., & Sheran Sylvester, M. (2006). The foster care crisis: What caused caseloads to grow?Demography, 43, 309-335.
  • Xia, L., & Lam, C. (2020). Where is home? The lived experiences of Chinese children after their parents have been incarcerated. Journal of Social Work Practice, 34(2), 191–203. 

Intersection of Immigration and Children with Incarcerated Parents

  • Batalova, J., Shymonyak, A., & Mittelstadt, M. (2021, August 30). Immigration data matters. migrationpolicy.org. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/immigration-data-matters
  • Ewing, W., Martínez, DE, Rumbaut, RG. (2015). The criminalization of immigration in the United States. American Immigration Council, [online]. Available at: https://www.americanimmigrationcouncil.org/sites/default/files/research/the_criminalization_of_i mmigration_in_the_united_states.pdf.
  • Immigration & migration – Research and data from the Pew Research Center. (n.d.). Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/immigration-migration/
  • Moslimani, M. (2022, February 16). Around four-in-ten Latinos in U.S. worry that they or someone close to them could be deported. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/02/14/around-four-in-ten-latinos-in-u-s-worry-that-they-or-someone-close-to-them-could-be-deported/
  • Roche KM, Vaquera E, White RMB, et al: Impacts of immigration actions and news and the psychological distress of US Latino parents raising adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health 62:525–531, 2018
  • Rubén G. Rumbaut, Katie Dingeman and Anthony Robles, “Immigration and Crime and the Criminalization of Immigration.” Pp. 472-482 in The Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies (2nd edition), edited by Steven J. Gold and Stephanie J. Nawyn. London and New York: Routledge, 2019..
  • Utych, S. M. (2018). How dehumanization influences attitudes toward immigrants. Political Research Quarterly, 71(2), 440-452.The Intersection of Immigration and Children with Incarcerated Parents

The studies listed in this section provide information on the effects of migration and immigration status on children and families of incarcerated parents.

  • Boudin, C. (2010). Children of Incarcerated Parents: The Child’s Constitutional Right to the Family Relationship. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 101, 77-118
  • Capps, R., Koball, H., Campetella, A., Perreira, K., Hooker, S., & Pedroza, J. M. (2017, April 7). Implications of immigration enforcement activities for the well-being of children in immigrant families: A review of the literature. migrationpolicy.org. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/implications-immigration-enforcement-activities-well-being-children-immigrant-families
  • Gonzalez, G., & Patler, C. (2020). The educational consequences of parental immigration detention. Sociological Perspectives, 64(2), 301-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121420937743
  • Manning, R. (2011). Punishing the innocent: Children of incarcerated and detained parents. Criminal Justice Ethics, 30(3), 267-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/0731129x.2011.628830
  • Poehlmann -Tynan, J., Sugrue, E.,Duron,J.,Ciro,D., Messex,A., (2021). Separation and Detention of Parents and Children at the Border:Lessons from Impacts of Parental Incarceration on Children and Families. In J.M. Eddy; J.Poehlmann-Tynan (Eds.).  Handbook on Children With Incarcerated Parents: Research, Policy and Practice (2nd edition).Chapter 23. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland.