Articles & Publications

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Publications Related to Program and Services

• Adalist-Estrin, A. (2006). “Providing support to adolescent children with incarcerated parents” The Prevention Researcher, Volume 13, #2
• Adalist-Estrin, A. (1995). Programs that work. Corrections Today, 57, 118
• Adalist-Estrin, A.(1996,2004) “Homecoming: Children’s Adjustment to Parent’s Parole” FCN Report Issue 33,January 2003
• Annie E. Casey Foundation. Partnerships between corrections and child welfare. Baltimore, MD: Developed by: The Women’s Prison Association & Home, Inc.
• Arditti, J. A. (2005). Families and incarceration: An ecological approach. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services (86), 251-260.
• Arditti, J. A. (2008). Parental imprisonment and family visitation: A brief overview and recommendations for family friendly practice. CW360.
• Arditti, J. (2012). Parental incarceration and the family psychological and social effects of imprisonment on children, parents, and caregivers. New York: New York University Press.
• Barry, E. (1985). Children of prisoners: Punishing the innocent. Youth Law News, March-April, 12-18.
• Bearse, M. L. (2008). Children and families of incarcerated parents: Understanding the challenges and addressing the needs. Olympia, WA: Department of Social and Health Sciences.
• Bistrian, J. K. M. (1997). Incarcerated mothers and the foster care system in Massachusetts: A literature review. Does department of social services involvement during incarceration increase the chances for family reunification and decrease the recidivism rate?, Foster Care Review Unit, Massachusetts Department of Social Services.
• Bobbitt, M., & Nelson, M. (2004). The front line: Building programs that recognize families’ role in reentry. New York, NY: Vera Institute of Justice, State Sentencing and Corrections Program.
• Bouchet, S. (2008). Children and families with incarcerated parents: Exploring development in the field and opportunities for growth. Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation.
• Brooks, S. (2008). Out of the shadows: What child welfare workers can do to help children and their incarcerated parents. Northern California Training Academy, UC Davis Extension, University of California.
• Christian, S. (2008). Children of incarcerated parents: A guide for state policymakers. Washington, DC: National Conference of State Legislatures.

• Chui, Wing. Hong. (2016). Association between caregiver stress and behavioral problems in the children of incarcerated fathers in Hong Kong. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 20(10), 2074-2083.

• Clopton, K., & East, K. (2008). Are there other kids like me?” Children with a parent in prison. Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 195-198.
• Comfort, M.,  McKay, T., Landwehr, J.,  Kennedy, E.,  Lindquist, C., and Anupa Bir. (2016). Parenting and partnership when fathers return from prison: Findings from Qualitative Analysis, 1-18.
• Connecting children with incarcerated parents. Child Protection Best Practices Bulletin, New Mexico.
• Craig, E. (2006). Building bonds from the inside out. Corrections Today, 42-45.
• Craig, S. C. (2009). A historical review of mother and child programs for incarcerated women. The Prison Journal, 89(35-53).
• Cropsey, K. L., Wexler, H. K., Melnick, G., Taxman, F. S., & Young, D. W. (2007). Specialized prisons and services: Results from national survey. The Prison Journal, 87, 58-85.
• Cunningham, A, Baker, L. (2003). Waiting for mommy: Giving a voice to the hidden victims of imprisonment. Centre for Children & Families in the Justice System.
• D’Arlach, L., Curtis, C. E., Ferrari, J. R., Olson, B. D., & Jason, L. A. (2006). Substance-abusing women and their children: A cost-effective treatment option to incarceration. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 6(4), 71-90.
• Davis, E. G., & Newell, D. A. (2008). The incarcerated child [sic] and the school system. CW360.
• DiZerega, M. and Verdone, J. (2011).  Setting an Agenda for Family-focused Justice Reform. Vera Institute of Justice’s Family Justice Program.
• Dumont DM, Allen SA, Rich JD. Sesame Street Goes to Jail: Physicians Should Follow. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:522-523. 
• Foster, L. K. (2008). Keeping children safe when their parents are arrested: Protocols for child welfare and law enforcement. CW360.
• Gabel, S. (1992). Children of incarcerated and criminal parents: Adjustment, behavior, and prognosis. Bulletin of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 20, 33-45.
• Gerrity, J. (2008). Working with incarcerated mothers: Social work in Shakopee Correctional Facility. CW360.
• Glantz, T., & Findlay, K. Collaboration between criminal justice and child welfare systems: Rhode Island’s effort at reform. Rhode Island College, School of Social Work and Rhode Island Department of Corrections.
• Goswami, Samir, Unlocking Options for Women: A survey of women in Cook County Jail. Chicago Coalition for the Homeless, April 2002.
• Hagan, John, The Next Generation: Children of Prisoners, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, University of Tornoto.
• Hairston, C. F. (2007). Focus on children with incarcerated parents: An overview of the research literature. Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation.
• Hairston, J. Creasie Finney, Prisoners and Families: Parenting Issues During Incarceration (Research Report), From Prisons to Home Conference, January 30-31, 2002, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
• Haskins, Anna R. and Jacobsen, Wade C. ,Schools as Surveilling Institutions? Paternal Incarceration, System Avoidance, and Parental Involvement in Schooling American Sociological Review (2017), Vol. 82(4) 657 –684 © American Sociological Association 2017
• Holt, N. and Miller, D., Explorations in Inmate-Family Relationships, Research Division, California Department of Corrections, Sacramento, California, January 1972. “The central finding of this research is the strong and consistent positive relationship that exists between parole success and maintaining strong family ties while in prison.”
• Hostetter, Edwin C. and Jinnah, Dorothea T., Research summary on Families of Adult Prisoners, Prison Fellowship Ministries, 1993.
• Hale, D. C. (1988). The impact of mothers’ Incarceration on the family system: Research and recommendations. Marriage and Family Review, 12, 143-154.
• Hallbäck, Lill, How Do Mothers of Adult Offenders Experience Gestalt Group Therapy? Master dissertation, Derby University, UK, July 2004.
• Hanlon, T. E., Carswell, S. B., & Rose, M. (2006). Research on the caretaking of children of incarcerated parents: Findings and their service delivery implications. Children and Youth Services Review, 29, 348-362.
• Hinds, L. S. (1981). The impact of incarceration on low-income families. Journal of Offender Counseling, 5, 5-12.
• Hirsch, Amy E., Sharon M. Dietrich, Rue Landau, Peter D. Schneider, Irv Ackelsberg, Judith Bernstein-Baker, and Joseph Hohenstein, Every Door Closed: Barriers Facing Parents with Criminal Records. A joint publication of CLASP and Community Legal Services, Inc., of Philadelphia, documents the legal challenges these parents will face in successfully caring for their children, finding work, getting safe housing, going to school, and accessing public benefits. May 2002. Also available in PDF.
• Inmate Reentry and Public Health, Journal of Correctional Health Care, No. 10, Issue 3.
• Hughes, M. J., & Harrison-Thompson, J. (2002). Prison parenting programs: A national survey. The Social Policy Journal, 1, 57-74.
• Incarcerated Parents and Their Children. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Data from the 2000 Surveys of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities concerning inmates with minor children.
• Parent’s in Prison and Their Minor Children 2004, Data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics.
• Jail Inmates, 2007, Bureau of Justice Statistics survey results.
• Jeffries, John M., Suzanne Menghraj and Creasie Finney Hairston, “Serving Incarcerated and Ex-Offender Fathers and Their Families: A Review of the Field.” February 2001. Available under Publications at Vera Institute of Justice.
• Johnston, Denise, Children of Criminal Offenders & Foster Care. Center for Children of Incarcerated Parents, data presented at the 1999 Child Welfare League of America National Conference on Research in Seattle, Washington.
• Johnston, D. (2003). What works: Children of incarcerated offenders. In V. L. Gadsen (Ed.), Heading home: offender reintegration into the family (pp. 123-154). Landam MD: American Correctional Association.
• Johnston, D. (2004). Transition issues for children of incarcerated parents. The Source, 13(2), 17-20. Available from the National Abandoned Infants Resource Center.
• Johnston, D. (2006). The wrong road: Efforts to understand the effects of parent crime and incarceration. Criminology and Public Policy, 5(4), 1101-1119.
• Johnston, D. (2008). Pregnancy and incarceration in California. CW360.
• Johnston, D. (2008). Placements of infants born to incarcerated mothers. CW360.
• Jones, K. (2008). Working with children of incarcerated parents: A rural social worker’s perspective. CW360.
• Jucovy, Linda, Amachi: Mentoring Children of Prisoners in Philadelphia, Public/Private Ventures, June 2003,
• Kazura, K., & Toth, K. (2004). Playrooms in Prison: Helping offenders connect with their children. Corrections Today, 66, 128-132.
• King, A. E. O. (1993). The impact of incarceration on African American families: Implications for practice. Journal of Contemporary Human Service, 73, 145-153.
• Krisberg, Barry A. and Temin, Carolyn Engel, NCCD Focus: The Plight of Children whose Parents are in Prison.
• Lange, S. (2000). The challenges confronting children of incarcerated parents. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 11(4), 61-68.
• La Vigne, Nancy G., Christy Visher and Jennifer Castro, Chicago Prisoners’ Experiences Returning Home, Urban Institute, 2004. “Families are an important source of both emotional and tangible support for released prisoners.”
• Lee, A., Genty, P., & Laver, M. (2005). The impact of the Adoption and Safe Families Act on children of incarcerated parents. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America Press.
• Lengyel, T. E., & Harris, J. (2003). Emerging issues for incarcerated parents and their children: Hawai’i in a national perspective. Department for Research and Evaluation Services, Alliance for Children and Families.
• Luke, K. P. (2002). Mitigating the ill effects of maternal incarceration on women in prison and their children. Child Welfare, 81, 929-948.
• Luther, K. (2016) Stigma Management among Children of Incarcerated Parents, Deviant Behavior, 37:11, 1264-1275.
• Maldonado, G. (2008). Getting help. CW360.
• Margolies, J.K.,Kraft-Stolar,  When ‘Free’ Means Losing My Mother: The Collision of Child Welfare and the Incarceration of Women in New York State.  Correctional Association of New York.
• Mazza, C. (2002). And then their world fell apart. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 83, 521-529.
• Mazza, C., 2001, Teaching Parenting Skills To Incarcerated Fathers.
• Miller, K., Portland State University, School of Social Work, Academic Student Recreation Center, 1800 SW 6th Avenue, Suite 600, Portland, OR 97201 Variations in the Life Histories of Incarcerated Parents by Race and Ethnicity: Implications for
  Service Provision http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00377317.2017.1248198
• Moses, M. C. (1995). A synergistic solution for children of incarcerated parents. Corrections Today, 57(7), 124-126.
• Murray, Joseph, The effects of imprisonment on families and children of prisoners in The Effects of Imprisonment, Edited by Alison Liebling (Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge) and Shadd Maruna (Queen’s University, Belfast). 
• Murray, J., & Farrington, D. (2006). Evidence-based programs for children of offenders. Criminology and Public Policy, 5(4), 901-916.
• Myers, B., Marsh, T., Hagen, K., & Kennon, S. (1999). Children of incarcerated mothers. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 8(1), 1999.
• National Institute of Corrections. (2002). Services for families of prison inmates. Longmont, CA: Author.
• National Survey of Children’s Health, as analyzed in David Murphey and P. Mae Cooper, Parents Behind Bars:
  What Happens to their Children? (Bethesda, MD, Child Trends, 2015  www.urban.org/support
• Newell, D. A. (2008). Overview of the national project to implement The Bill of Rights for Children of Incarcerated Parents. CW360.
• Nolan, C. M. (2003). Children of arrested parents: Strategies to improve their safety and well-being. Sacramento: California Research Bureau, California State Library.
• Parke, Ross and K. Alison Clarke-Stewart, Effects of Parental Incarceration on Young Children (Research Report), From Prisons to Home Conference, January 30-31, 2002, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
• Pearson, Jessica and Chris Hardaway, Designing Programs for Incarcerated and Paroled Obligors, Expanded case study. Vol. 1 No. 1, Welfare Information Network, August 2000.
• Process Evaluation of the Long Distance Dads© Program, Penn State University – Erie, Center for Organizational Research & Evaluation, June 2001.
• Puddefoot, G., & Foster, L. K. (2007). Keeping children safe when their parents are arrested: Local approaches that work. Sacramento: California Research Bureau, California State Library.
• Palm, G. F. (2003). Parent education for incarcerated fathers. In J. Fagan & A. J. Hawkins (Eds.), Clinical and educational interventions with fathers (pp. 117-141). Binghamton, NY: Haworth Clinical Practice Press.
• Peck, J. (2008). Angel Tree: Reconciling prisoners and their children. CW360.
• Reed, Diane F. “Children with Incarcerated Parents-Considering Children’s Outcomes in The Context of Family Experiences.” Social Justice 24.3 (69), Children and The Environment (1997): 152-69.
• Rose, D. R., & Clear, T. R. (2001). Incarceration, reentry, and social capital: Social networks in the balance. In From Prison to Home: The effect of incarceration and reentry on children, families and communities (pp. 2-30). Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
• Rosenkrantz, L. V. J. (1982). Children of incarcerated parents: A hidden population. Children Today, 11, 2-6.
• Ruhland, E., & Gaarder, E. (2008). C-Dreams. CW360.
• Sachs, Heidi, Support Services for Incarcerated and Released Non-Custodial Parents, Vol. 4, No. 6, June 2000, Issue Notes: Welfare Information Network.
• Saar,Malika Saada, Mothers Behind Bars: A state-by-state report card and analysis of federal policies on conditions of confinement for pregnant and parenting women and the effect on their children. The Rebecca Project.  2010 National Women’s Law Center. 
• Scott, Philippa, The Invisible Sentence Project. A discussion of major themes from interviews with women who have a partner or family member in prison. Central West Women’s Health Centre, Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia. June 2003.
• San Francisco Children of Incarcerated Parents Partnership. (2003). Children of incarcerated parents, A bill of rights. San Francisco: Author.
• Seymour, C. B. (1998). Children with parents in prison: Child welfare policy, program and practice issues. Child Welfare, 77, 469-493.
• Services for Families of Prison Inmates, a survey of state and federal departments of corrections. National Institute of Corrections, February 2002.
• Sheffer, Susannah and Renny Cushing, Creating More Victims: How Executions Hurt the Families Left Behind © 2006 by the authors and Murder Victims’ Families for Human Rights. Reprinted with permission.
• Siegel, J. (2011). Disrupted childhoods children of women in prison. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press.
• Simmons, C. W. (2003). California law and the children of prisoners. Sacramento: California Research Bureau, California State Library.
• Simmons, C. W. (2000). Children of incarcerated parents. California Research Bureau, California State Library.
• Starr, T. (2008). Mentoring children in the Native American community. CW360.
• Temin, C. E. (2001). Let us consider the children. Corrections Today, February, 66-68.
• The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science – Volume 665, Number 1, May 01, 2016 http://journals.sagepub.com/toc/anna/665/1
• The Annie Casey Foundation, and Opportunity For All Childr. “Race for Results: Building a Path to Opportunity for All Children.” Opportunity for All Children Policy Report (n.d.): 1-32
• The Justice Center. (2002). Children of incarcerated parents. Alaska Justice Forum, 19(2), 1-5.
• Thomas, E. H., Robert, J. B., Terry, B.-S., Kevin, E. O. G., & Marc Rose Jason, M. C. (2005). Vulnerability of children of incarcerated addict mothers: Implications for preventive intervention. Children and Youth Services Review, 27(1), 67-84.
• Travis, J. (2014). The growth of incarceration in the United States: Exploring causes and consequences. Washington, D.C: The National Academies Press.
• Trzcinski, E., Satyanathan, D., & Ferro, L. (Eds.). (2002). What about me?: Children with incarcerated parents. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University, School of Social Work.
• Turner, R., & Peck, J. (2002). Long-distance dads. Corrections Today, April, 72.
• Turney, K., (2017). The Unequal Consequence of Mass Incarceration for Children
• Turney, K., & Waldeman, C., Adverse childhood experiences among children placed in and adopted from foster care: Evidence from a nationally representative survey Child Abuse & Neglect 64 (2017) 117–129
• Visher, Christy and Shannon M. E. Courtney, One Year Out: Experiences of Prisoners Returning to Cleveland, Urban Institute, 2007.
• Wakefield, S., & Wildeman, C. (2014). Children of the prison boom: Mass Incarceration and The Future of American Inequality. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
• Weissman, Marsha and Candace Mayer LaRue, Earning Trust from Youths with None to Spare, Child Welfare League of America, Volume 77, 1998; 579-594
• Western, Bruce, Leonard M. Lopoo and Sara McLanahan, (2004). Incarceration and the Bonds Among Parents in Fragile Families, Robert Wood Johnston.
• Women’s Prison Association Home, I. (1995). Breaking the cycle of despair: Children of incarcerated mothers. New York: Author.
• Young, D. S., & Smith, C. J. (2000). When moms are incarcerated: The needs of children, mothers, and caregivers. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Services, 81(2), 130-141.

Publications Related to Policy Issues

• ACLU, Race & Ethnicity in America, Turning a Blind Eye to Injustice, U.S. Violations of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (a Shadow report), 2007
• Alfred, B. (1998). U.S. criminal justice conundrum: rising prison populations and stable crime rates. Crime and Delinquency, 44(1), 127-129
• Allard, Patricia, Life Sentences: Denying Welfare Benefits to Women Convicted of Drug Offenses, The Sentencing Project, February 2002.
• Allard, Patricia E. and Lynn D. Lu, Rebuilding Families, Reclaiming Lives – State Obligations to Children in Foster Care and Their Incarcerated Parents. Brennan Center for Justice, 2006 Enos, S. (2008).
• Bales, W. and Mears, D. Inmate Social Ties and the Transition to Society: Does Visitation Reduce Recidivism, Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 2008;
• Children of Incarcerated Parents Project, Report to the Oregon Legislature, December 2002
• Cass, Julia, Curry, Connie,  America’s Cradle to Prison Pipeline, A Report to the Children’s Defense Fund, 2007 ISBN 1-881985-49-0
• Corner, T. A. (2023). Alternatives to incarceration for pregnant & postpartum people: A Summary of State & Federal Laws, 1-9.
• Earner, I. (2008). Children with immigrant parents in deportation proceedings. CW360.
• Fisher, W. H., Silver, E., & Wolff, N. (2006). Beyond criminalization: Toward a criminologically informed framework for mental health policy and services research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research, 33, 544-557.
• Gentry, P. M. (1998). Permanency planning in the context of parental incarceration: legal issues and recommendations. Child-Welfare, 77, 543-559.
• Gentry, P. M. (2003). Damage to family relationships as a collateral consequence of parental incarceration. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 30, 1671-1684.
• Gentry, P. M. (2008). The inflexibility of the Adoption and Safe Families Act and its unintended impact upon the children of incarcerated parents and their families. CW360.
• Gretchen, N. (2006). After incarceration: Adolescent-parent Reunification. The Prevention Researcher, 13, 18-20.
• Griswold, E. A., & Pearson, J. (2005). Turning offenders into responsible parents and child support payers. Family Court Review, 43, 358-371.
• Hagan, J., & Dinovitzer, R. (1999). Collateral consequences of imprisonment for children, communities, and prisoners. In M. Tonry & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Hagan, J. (1996). The next generation: Children of prisoners. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.
• Hairston, Ph.D, Creasie Finney, 2009, Kinship Care When Parents are Incarcerated: What We Know, What We Can Do, Annie E. Casey Foundation, New York.
• Jones, T. J. (2002). Neglected by the system: A call for equal treatment for incarcerated fathers and their children: Will father absenteeism perpetuate the cycle of criminality? California Western Law Review, 39: 87-114.
• Maintaining Family Contact When a Family Member Goes to Prison: An Examination of State Policies on Mail, Visiting, and Telephone Access Prepared by the Florida House of Representatives Justice Council Committee on Corrections, Representative Allen Trovillion, Chair, November 1998.
• Pew Center on the States. (2009). One in 3: The long reach of American corrections. Washington, DC: The Pew Charitable Trusts.
• Phillips, S. D., Harm, N. J., (1998). Women prisoners: A contextual framework. In Harden, J., & Hill, M. (Eds.), Breaking the Rules: Women in Prison and Feminist Therapy (Vol. 20, pp. 1-9). NY: Haworth Press.
• Phillips, S. D., & Bloom, B. (1998). In whose best interest? The impact of changing public policy on relatives caring for children with incarcerated parents. Child Welfare, 77, 531-541.
• Poehlmann-Tynan. J, ed., Children’s Contact with Incarcerated Parents: Implications for Policy and Intervention (Switzerland: Springer, 2015).
• Radcliffe, S., Pollack, D., & Black-Kelly, M. (2022). Getting the most out of parent-teacher conferences with incarcerated parents.
• Renauer, B. C., Cunningham, W. S., Feyerherm, B., O’Connor, T., & Bellatty, P. (2006). Tipping the scales of justice: The effect of over incarceration on neighborhood violence. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 17(3), 362-379.
• Rose, D. R., & Clear, T. R. (1998). Incarceration, social capital, and crime: Implications for social disorganization theory. Criminology, 26, 441-478.
• Simmons, C. W. (2003). California law and the children of prisoners. Sacramento: California Research Bureau, California State Library.
• Simmons, C. W. (2000). Children of incarcerated parents. California Research Bureau, California State Library
• Smith, C. J., & Young, D. S. (2003). The multiple impacts of TANF, ASFA and mandatory drug sentencing for families affected by maternal incarceration. Children and Youth Services Review, 25, 535-552.
• Street, P. (2002). The vicious circle: Race, prisons, jobs, and community in Chicago, Illinois and the nation. Chicago: Chicago Urban League.
• Swann, C. A., & Sheran, M. E. (2008). Parental incarceration and foster care caseloads. CW360.
• Tonry, M. (1995). Malign neglect. New York: Oxford Press.
• Tonry, M., & Petersilia, J. (1999). Prisons research at the beginning of the 21st Century. In M. Tonry & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Prisons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Travis, J., Cincotta, E. M., & Solomon, A. L. (2003). Families left behind: The hidden costs of incarceration and re-entry. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Justice Policy Center.
• Travis, J., & Waul, M. (2003). Prisoners once removed: The impact of incarceration and reentry on children, families, and communities. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Justice Center.