Andersen, S. H., & Wildeman, C. (2014). The effect of paternal incarceration on children’s risk of foster care placement. Social Forces, 93(1), 269-298.
Andersen, L. H. (2016). How children’s educational outcomes and criminality vary by duration and frequency of paternal incarceration. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 665(1), 149-170.
Andersen, S. H. (2016). Drinking alone? The effect of an alcohol treatment program on relationship stability for convicted drunk drivers in Denmark. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 665(1), 46-62.
Apel, R. (2016). The effects of jail and prison confinement on cohabitation and marriage. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 665(1), 103-126.
Berger, L. M., Cancian, M., Cuesta, L., & Noyes, J. L. (2016). Families at the intersection of the criminal justice and child protective services systems. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 665(1), 171-194.
Bijleveld, C. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2009). The importance of studies of intergenerational transmission of antisocial behaviour. Crim. Behav. & Mental Health, 19, 77.
Bijleveld, C. C., & Wijkman, M. (2009). Intergenerational continuity in convictions: A five‐generation study. Criminal behaviour and mental health, 19(2), 142-155.
Brown, E. C., & Barrio Minton, C. A. (2017). Serving children of incarcerated parents: A case study of school counselors’ experiences. Professional School Counseling, 21(1), 2156759X18778811.
Bocknek, E. L., Sanderson, J., & Britner, P. A. (2009). Ambiguous loss and posttraumatic stress in school-age children of prisoners. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 323-333.
Boswell, G. (2002). Imprisoned fathers: The children’s view. The Howard Journal, 41(1), 14-26.
Burkholder, J., Burkholder, D., Hall, S., & Porter, V. (2020). Training counselors to work with the families of incarcerated persons: A National Survey. Professional Counselor, 10(3), 318-326.
Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2021). Child welfare practice with families affected by parental incarceration. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families,Children’s Bureau. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/parental-incarceration/
Cho, R.M. (2009). The impact of maternal imprisonment on children’s probability of grade retention: Results from Chicago public schools. Journal of Urban Economics, 65, 11-23.
Church, W. T., & Springer, D. W. (2018). Serving the stigmatized: Working within the incarcerated environment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Comfort, M. (2016). “A Twenty-Hour-a-Day Job”, The Impact of Frequent Low-Level Criminal Justice Involvement on Family Life, 63-79.
Conway, J., & Keays, A. (2015). Children with Incarcerated Parents: A Quantitative Evaluation of Mentoring and Home-Based Counseling and Case Management Services. Evaluation of Mentoring and Counseling/Case Management for CIP
Cyphert, A. B. (2018). Prisoners of Fate: The Challenges of Creating Change for Children of Incarcerated Parents. Maryland Law Review, 77(2), 385–426.
Dallaire, D., (2007). Children with incarcerated mothers: Developmental outcomes, special challenges and recommendations. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 28, 15-24.
Dallaire, D.H., & Wilson, L. (2010). The impact of exposure to parental criminal activity, arrest, and sentencing on children’s academic competence and externalizing behavior. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19, 404-418
Dallaire, D. H., Ciccone, A., & Wilson, L. C. (2010). Teachers’ experiences with and expectations of children with incarcerated parents.Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 31(4), 281-290.
Dannerbeck, A. M. (2005). Differences in parenting attributes, experiences, and behavior of delinquent youth with and without a parental history of incarceration. Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice,3, 99-213.
Dichter, H., Ruprecht, K., & Tomlin, A. (2020). Exploring Early Care and Education Policy for Young Children of Incarcerated Parents. Zero to Three, 40(4), 51–58.
Dube et al. (2003). Child abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction and the risk of illicit drug use: The Adverse Childhood Experiences Study. Pediatrics, 111, 564-572.
DuBois D. L, & Keller T, E. (2017). Investigation of the Integration of Supports for Youth Thriving Into a Community-Based Mentoring Program. Child Development. 2017 Sep;88(5):1480-1491.Epub 2017 Jun 19. PMID: 28626886.
Dunlea, J. P., Wolle, R. G., & Heiphetz, L. (2020). Enduring Positivity: Children Of Incarcerated Parents Report More Positive Than Negative Emotions When Thinking about Close Others. Journal of Cognition and Development, 21(4), 494–512.
Eddy, J. M., Cearley, J., Bergen, J., & Stern-Carusone, J. (2014). Children of incarcerated parents. Handbook of youth mentoring, 2.
Ehrensaft, M., Khashu, A., Ross, T., & Wamsley, M. (2003). Patterns of criminal conviction and incarceration among mothers of children in foster care in New York City. New York: Vera Institute of Justice and New York City Administration for Children’s Services.
Elderbroom, Brian, Bennett, Laura, Gong, Shanna, Rose, Felicity, Towns, Zoë. 2018. Every Second: The impact of the incarceration crisis on america’s families. Washington, DC:
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245-258.
Finlay, K., Mueller-Smith, M., & Street, B. (2022). Measuring intergenerational exposure to the US justice system: Evidence from longitudinal links between survey and administrative data. Criminal Justice Administrative Records. https://sites. lsa. umich. edu/mgms/wp-content/uploads/sites/283/2022/06/CJARS_KidExposure_20220609. pdf. 1-94.
Forster, M., Davis, L., Grigsby, T., Rogers, C., Vetrone, S., & Unger, J. (2019). The role of familial incarceration and ethnic identity in suicidal ideation and suicide attempt: Findings from a longitudinal study of latinx young adults in California.
Fritsch, T. A., & Burkhead, J. D. (1982). Behavioral reactions of children to parental absence due to imprisonment. Family Relations, 30, 83-88.
Geller, Amanda & Garfinkel, Irwin & Cooper, Carey & Mincy, Ronald. (2009). Parental Incarceration and Child Well-Being: Implications for Urban Families. Social science quarterly. 90. 1186-1202. 10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00653.x.
Geller, A., Jaeger, K., Pace, G., T. (2016). Surveys, Records, and the Study of Incarceration in Families, 22-43.
Glueck, S., & Glueck, E. (1950). Unraveling juvenile delinquency. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Goshin, L. S., Byrne, M. W., & Blanchard-Lewis, B. (2014). Preschool Outcomes of Children Who Lived as Infants in a Prison Nursery. The Prison Journal, 94(2), 139–158.
Guzder, J., Paris, J., Zelfowitz, P., & Feldman, R. (1999). Psychological risk factors for borderline pathology in school-age children. Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 206-212.
Hagen, K. A., & Myers, B. J. (2003). The effect of secrecy and social support on behavioral problems in children of incarcerated women. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 12, 229-242.
Hanlon, T.E., Blatchley, R.J., Bennett-Sears, T., O’Grady, K. E., & Callaman, J. M. (2005). Vulnerability of children of incarcerated addict mothers: Implications for preventive intervention. Children and Youth Services Review, 27, 67-84.
Hanlon, T.E., Carswell, S. B., & Rose, M. (2007). Research on the caretaking of children of incarcerated parents: Findings and their service delivery implications. Children and Youth Services Review, 29, 348-362.
Haskins, A. R., & Jacobsen, W.C., (2017). Schools as surveilling institutions? Paternal incarceration, system avoidance, and parental involvement in schooling.
Haskins, A. R., & Lee, H. (2016). Reexamining race when studying the consequences of criminal justice contact for families, 224-230.
Haskins, A. (2014). Unintended Consequences: Effects of Paternal Incarceration on Child School Readiness and Later Special Education Placement. Sociological Science, 1, pp.141-158.
Hayward, R. A., & DePanfilis, D. (2007). Foster children with an incarcerated parent: Predictors of reunification.Children and Youth Services Review,29(1320-1334).
Hollihan, A., & Portlock, M. (2014). Video visiting in corrections: Benefits, limitations, and implementation considerations. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, National Institute of Corrections, 1-91.
Jackson, D. B., Testa, A., & Turney, K. (2022). Unpacking the connection between parental incarceration and parenting stress: The mediating role of child health and health care strains. Journal of Criminal Justice, 81.
Johnson, Rucker C. 2009. “Ever-Increasing Levels of Parental Incarceration: The Consequences for Children.” Pp. 177-206 in Do Prisons Make Us Safer? The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom, edited by Steven Raphael and Michael A. Stoll. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Johnson, E. I., & Waldfogel, J. (2002). Children of incarcerated parents: Cumulative risk and children’s living arrangement. New York: Columbia University.
Johnson, E. I., & Waldfogel, J. (2002). Parental incarceration: Recent trends and implications for child welfare. Social Service Review, 76(3), 460-479.
Johnson, E. I., & Easterling, B. (2012). Understanding unique effects of parental incarceration on children: Challenges, progress, and recommendations. Journal of Marriage and Family,74(2), 342-356.
Jones, D. (2017). When Are You Coming Home: An Exploratory Essay Confronting the Issues Involving Children with Incarcerated Parents and How to Break the Cycle. Loyola Law Review, 63(3), 441–446.
Kampfner, C. J. (1995). Post-traumatic stress reactions of children of imprisoned mothers. In K. Gable & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of Incarcerated Parents. NY: Lexington Books.
Keller, T. E., Catalono, R. F., Haggerty, K. P., & Fleming, C. G. (2002). Parent figure transition and delinquency and drug use among early adolescent children of substance abusers. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 28, 399-427.
Keller, E., Jones, L., Kelleher, K., Chisolm, D., & Boch, S. (2022). A time to ‘make amends and bring pieces together’: A phenomenological study of family experiences and considerations when a parent returns home from incarceration. Health & Social Care in the Community, 30(6),
Kramer, K., & Burton, C. F. (2018). What Little We Know: A System-Wide Descriptive Study on Children of Incarcerated Parents. Contemporary Research and Analysis on the Children of Prisoners: Invisible Children, 209.
Kinner, S. A., Alati, R., Najman, J. M., & Williams, G. M. (2007). Do parental arrest and imprisonment lead to child behavior problems and substance use? A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Child Psychology & Psychiatry, 48(11), 1148-1156.
Kremer, K. P., Poon, C. Y. S., Jones, C. L., Hagler, M. A., Kupersmidt, J. B., Stelter, R. L., Stump, K. N., & Rhodes, J. E. (2020). Risk and Resilience among Children with Incarcerated Parents: Examining Heterogeneity in Delinquency and School Outcomes. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 29(11), 3239–3252.
L., Stump, K. N., & Rhodes, J. E. (2020). Risk and Resilience among Children with Incarcerated Parents: Examining Heterogeneity in Delinquency and School Outcomes. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 29(11), 3239–3252.
Lageson, S. E., (2016). Found Out and Opting Out. The Consequences of Online Criminal Records for Families, 127-141.
Langbehn, D. R., & Cadoet, R. J. (2001). The adult antisocial syndrome with and without antecedent conduct disorder: Comparisons from an adoption study. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 272-282.
Leve, L. D., & Chamberlain, P. (2004). Female juvenile offenders: Defining an early-onset pathway for delinquency. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 13, 439-452.
Lee, H., Porter, L. C., & Comfort, M. (2014). Consequences of Family Member Incarceration Impacts on Civic Participation and Perceptions of the Legitimacy and Fairness of Government.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 651(1), 44-73.
Loper, A. B., & Clarke, C. N. (2013). IV. Attachment Representations of imprisoned mothers as related to child contact and the caregiving alliance: The Moderating effect of children’s placement with maternal grandmothers. Monographs Of The Society For Research In Child Development, 78(3), 41-56.
Lopez, C., & Bhat, C.S. (2007). Supporting students with incarcerated parents in schools: A group intervention. Journal of Specialists in Group Work, 32, 139-153.
Lotze, G. M., Ravindran, N., & Myers, B. J. (2010). Moral emotions, emotion self-regulation, callous-unemotional traits, and problem behavior in children of incarcerated mothers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(6), 702-713.
Luther, K. (2015). Examining social support among adult children of incarcerated parents. Family Relations, 64(4), 505-518.
Luther, K. (2016). Stigma Management among Children of Incarcerated Parents. Journal of Deviant Behavior, 37: 1264-1275.
Mackintosh, V. H., Myers, B. J., & Kennon, S. S. (2006). Children of incarcerated mothers and their caregivers: Factors affecting the quality of their relationship. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15(5), 581-596.
Meek, R. (2008). Experiences of younger siblings of young men in prison. Children & Society, 22, 265-277.
Miller, K. M., Eddy, J. M., Borja, S & Lazzari, S. R., (2017). Variations in the Life of Incarcerated Parents by Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Service Provision, Smith College Studies in Social Work, 87:1,59-77,
Miller, Keva M. (2006). The Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children: An Emerging Need for Effective Interventions. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 23(4), 472-486.
Minson, S. (2021). The impact of COVID-19 prison lockdowns on children with a parent in prison. Report, available online at https://www. law. ox. ac. uk/content/impact-covid-19-and prison-lockdown-children-imprisoned-parent-uk, 1-22.
Morgan-Mullane, A. (2018). Trauma focused cognitive behavioral therapy with children of incarcerated parents. Clinical social work journal, 46, 200-209.
Murray, J. (2010). Longitudinal research on the effects of parental incarceration on children. Children of incarcerated parents: A handbook for researchers and practitioners, 55-73.
Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Parental imprisonment: Effects on boys’ antisocial behaviour and delinquency through the life course. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46, 1269-1278.
Murray, J., Janson, C., & Farrington, D. P. (2007). Crime in adult offspring of prisoners: A cross-national comparison of two longitudinal samples. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 133-149.
Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2008). Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys’ internalizing problems through the life course. Development and Psychopathology,20, 279-290.
Murray, J., & Murray L. (2010). Parental incarceration, attachment, and child psychopathology. Attachment and Human Development, 12, 289-309.
Nesmith, A., & Ruhland, E. (2008). Children of incarcerated parents: Challenges and resiliency, in their own words. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1119-1130.
Phillips, S. D., & Gates, T. (2011). A conceptual framework for understanding the stigmatization of children of incarcerated parents.Journal of Child and Family Studies, 20(3), 286-294.
Pech, A., Curran, M., Speirs, K., Li, X., Barnett, M., & Paschall, K. (2020). Understanding child behavior problems in young children with previously incarcerated fathers: Parents’ depressive symptoms, relationship quality, and coparenting. Marriage & Family Review, 56(6), 553-574.
Phillips, S. D., Burns, B. J., Wagner, H. R., Kramer, T. L., & Robbins, J. R. (2002). Parental incarceration among youth receiving mental health services. Journal of Child and Family Studies,11(4), 385-399.
Phillips, S. D. (2008). Parents’ involvement in the criminal justice system and children’s entry into foster care: Findings and implications from two studies. CW 360.
Phillips, S. D., Burns, B. J., Wagner, H. R., & Barth, R. P. (2004). Parental arrest and children in child welfare services agencies. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry,2, 174-186.
Phillips, S. D., Leathers, S. J., & Erkanli, A. (2009). Children of probationers in the child welfare system. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 18, 183-191.
Phillips, S. D., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G. P., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2006). Disentangling the risks: Parent criminal justice involvement and children’s exposure to family risks. Criminology and Public Policy, 5(4), 677-702.
Poehlmann, J., Dallaire, D., Loper, A. B., & Shear, L. D. (2010). Children’s contact with their incarcerated parents: Research findings and recommendations. American Psychologist, 65(6), 575-598.
Poehlmann, J., Dallaire, D., Loper, A. B., & Shear, L. D. (2010). Children’s contact with their incarcerated parents: research findings and recommendations.American Psychologist, 65(6), 575.
Poehlmann, J., Dallaire, D., Loper, A. B., & Shear, L. D. (2010). Children’s contact with their incarcerated parents: research findings and recommendations. American Psychologist, 65(6), 575.
Reimer, V. P. (2019). Hidden Children: Using Children’s Literature to Develop Understanding and Empathy Toward Children of Incarcerated Parents. Language & Literacy: A Canadian Educational E-Journal, 21(1), 98–121.
Roberts, Y. H., Snyder, F. J., Kaufman, J. S., Finley, M. K., Griffin, A., Anderson, J., … & Crusto, C. A. (2014). Children exposed to the arrest of a family member: Associations with mental health. Journal of Child and family Studies, 23, 214-224.Robins, L. N. (1978). Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour: replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine, 8, 611-622.
Rodriguez, N., Smith, H., & Zata, M. (2009). “Youth is enmeshed in a highly dysfunctional family system” Exploring the relationship among dysfunctional families, parental incarceration and juvenile court decision making. Criminology, 47, 177.
Roettger, Michael E., and Jason D. Boardman. (2012). Parental incarceration and gender-based risks for increased body mass index: Evidence from the national longitudinal study of adolescent health in the united states. American Journal of Epidemiology, 175: 636-644.
Ross, T., & Khashu, A. W. M. (2004). Hard data on hard times: An empirical analysis of maternal incarceration, foster care, and visitation. New York: Vera Institute of Justice and New York City Administration for Children’s Services.
Shindledecker, R. (660). (1993). Characteristics of children whose parents have been incarcerated. Hospital & Community Psychiatry.
Shortt, J. W., Eddy, J. M., Sheeber, L., & Davis, B. (2014). Project home: A pilot evaluation of an emotion-focused intervention for mothers reuniting with children after prison. Psychological Services, 11(1), 1-9.
Siegel, J. A. (2011). Disrupted childhoods: Children of women in prison. Piscataway: Rutgers University Press
Smyke, A. T., Bailey, L. O., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017). Mental Health Implications for Children of Incarcerated Parents. Loyola Law Review, 63(3), 405–433.
Stump, K. N., Kupersmidt, J. B., Stelter, R. L., & Rhodes, J. E. (2018). Mentoring program enhancements supporting effective mentoring of children of incarcerated parents. American journal of community psychology, 62(1-2), 163-174.
Smyke, A. T., Bailey, L. O., & Zeanah, C. H. (2017). Mental Health Implications for Children of Incarcerated Parents. Loyola Law Review, 63(3), 405–433.
Sugie, N. F. (2012). Punishment and welfare: Paternal incarceration and families’ receipt of public assistance.Social Forces.
Swann, C. A., & Sheran Sylvester, M. (2006). The foster care crisis: What caused caseloads to grow? Demography, 43, 309-335.
Program Enhancements Supporting Effective Mentoring of Children of Incarcerated Parents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 62(1/2), 163–174.
Thornberry, T. P., Freeman-Gallant, A., & Lovegrove, P.J. (2009). Intergenerational linkages in antisocial behaviour. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 19, 80-93.
Trent, M., Dooley, D. G., & Dougé, J. (2019). The impact of racism on child and adolescent health. Pediatrics, 144(2),
Turney, K. (2017). The unequal consequences of mass incarceration for children. Demography, 54(1), 361-389.
Turney, K. (2014). Stress proliferation across generations? Examining the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood health. Journal of health and social behavior, 55(3), 302-319.
Turney, K. (2014). The intergenerational consequences of mass incarceration: implications for children’s co-residence and contact with grandparents. Social Forces, 93(1), 299-327.
Turney K. & Wilderman, C. (2017) Child Abuse & Neglect: Adverse childhood experiences among children placed in and adopted from foster care: Evidence from a nationally representative survey, 64 117-129.
Wakefield, S., Lee, H., & Wildeman, C. (2016). Tough on crime, tough on families? Criminal justice and family life in America. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 665(1), 8-21.
Wakefield, S., Wildeman, C., &Wildeman, C. J. (2014). Children of the prison boom: mass incarceration and the future of American inequality. New York: Oxford University Press.
Wakefield, S., &Wildeman, C. (2011). Mass imprisonment and racial disparities in childhood behavioral problems.Criminology & Public Policy,10(3), 793-817.
Wakefield, S., & Powell, K. (2016). Distinguishing petty offenders from serious criminals in the estimation of family life effects. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 665(1), 195-212.
Warren, J. M., Coker, G. L., & Collins, M. L. (2019). Children of incarcerated parents: Considerations for professional school counselors. Professional Counselor, 9(3), 185-199.
Wheeler, N. J., Daire, A. P., Barden, S. M., & Carlson, R. G. (2019). Relationship distress as a mediator of adverse childhood experiences and health: implications for clinical practice with economically vulnerable racial and ethnic minorities. Family process, 58(4), 1003-1021.
Wildeman, C. J. (2009). Parental imprisonment, the prison boom, and the concentration of childhood disadvantage. Demography, 46, 265-280.
Wildeman, C. (2010). Paternal incarceration and children’s physically aggressive behaviors: Evidence from the fragile families and child wellbeing study. Social Forces, 89(1), 285-309.
Wildeman, C., & Wakefield, S. (2014). The long arm of the law: The concentration of incarceration in families in the era of mass incarceration. J. Gender Race & Just., 17, 367.
Wildeman, C. (2014). Parental incarceration, child homelessness, and the invisible consequences of mass imprisonment.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 651(1), 74-96.
Wildeman, C., Turney, K., & Yi, Y., (2016) Paternal incarceration and family functioning. variation across federal, state, and local facilities, 80-97.
Woo, Y., & Kowalski, M. A. (2020). Child (un)awareness of parental incarceration as a risk factor: Evidence from South Korea. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 29(11), 3211–3224.
Xia, L., & Lam, C. (2020). Where is home? The lived experiences of Chinese children after their parents have been incarcerated. Journal of Social Work Practice, 34(2), 191–203.
